Storage of Liquid Hydrogen

LH2 Self Pressurization Test Data, Modeling, and Thermodynamic Behavior [1]

Mobility applications, as well as the infrastructure systems used for fueling operations, require hydrogen storage. Choosing the appropriate hydrogen storage option is driven by system requirements. This process uses a holistic approach that also addresses the local regulatory framework and policy priorities. 

Volumetric storage density and mass fraction are key parameters for mass- and volume-limited mobile applications. Conversely, mass fraction is generally not a driver for stationary fueling, ground support equipment, and long-term storage.

Stationary LH2 storage dewars of various sizes along with the applicable codes and standards are well established. Mobile LH2 storage is less mature and will likely be subject to different certification processes depending on the type of vessel, materials, design details, and application.

Distribution options for LH2 range from long-distance transport to onsite production and liquefaction. Capital and operational costs of the delivery infrastructure drive profitability and subsequent investments. Standardization and interoperability must evolve to bring down costs and accelerate growth.

Thermal management of LH2 and mitigation of boil-off throughout the delivery pathways is critical to minimizing hydrogen loss and associated costs. Identifying the appropriate options to mitigate boil-off losses requires systems engineering to identify the best trades for a particular use case [2].

References

[1] Image source: Liquid Hydrogen Systems Course, 2025.

[2] Text source: Decarbonizing Mobility with Liquid Hydrogen, SAE Research Report, 2024.

Author Bio

Matt Moran is the Managing Member at Moran Innovation LLC, and previous Managing Partner at Isotherm Energy. He's been developing power and propulsion systems for more than 40 years; and first-of-a-kind gas, slush, and liquid hydrogen systems since the mid-1980s. Matt was also the Sector Manager for Energy & Materials in his final position at NASA where he worked for 31 years. He's been a cofounder in seven technology-based startups; and provided R&D, engineering, and innovation consulting to several hundred organizations. Matt has three patents and more than 50 publications including his online Cryogenic Fluid Management guide and Decarbonizing Mobility with Liquid Hydrogen SAE report. He has created and taught liquid hydrogen courses, webinars, and workshops to global audiences.